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Josh Lerner Jacob H. Schiff Professor of Investment Banking Harvard Business School and National Bureau of Economic Research During much of the 1970s and 1980s, venture capital and private equity remained largely a United States phenomena. Over the past decade, how­ ever, private equity has spread around the globe, taking particularly firm root in Western Europe-indeed, growing 4,700% since 1984 through 200 I. Today, Europe is the dominant private equity market outside the United States. Despite this tremendous growth and the current recessionary cli­ mate, there is ample room for attractive expansion in European private eq­ uity; both for venture capital and private equity. There have been several reasons for this growth. The first has been the internationalization of capital sources. The key sources of capital for Euro­ pean private equity funds have traditionally been segmented by national boundaries: historically, the pattern in Europe has been for private equity groups to raise funds from banks, insurance companies, and government bodies in their own country, with little involvement from foreign investors. These barriers are now breaking down for two principal reasons. First, in­ stitutional investors, particularly in the United States, have become in­ creasingly interested in European funds. Second, many international pri­ vate equity firms have become more active in Europe. A second driver of growth has been the entry of new talent into the in­ dustry. Traditionally, many European private equity investors had come from financial or consulting backgrounds, rather than from operating roles.

Find Human Capital by Gary S. Becker in Paperback and other formats in Business & Economics > Labor.

Economic cycles are driven by financial flows, namely quantities of savings and credits, and not by high street inflation or interest rates. Their sweeping destructive powers are expressed through Global Liquidity, a $130 trillion pool of footloose cash. Global Liquidity describes the gross flows of credit and international capital feeding through the world’s banking systems and wholesale money markets. The huge jump in the volume of international financial markets since the mid-1980s has been boosted by deregulation, innovation and easy money, with financial globalisation now surpassing the peaks of integration reached before the First World War. Global Liquidity drives these markets: it is often determinant, frequently disruptive and always fast-moving. Barely one fifth of Wall Street’s huge gains over recent decades have come from earnings: rising liquidity and investors’ appetite for riskier financial assets have propelled stock prices higher. Similar experiences are shared worldwide and even in emerging markets, such as India, flat earnings have not deterred waves of foreign money and domestic mutual funds from driving-up stock prices. Now with central banks actively pursuing quantitative easing policies, industrial corporations flush with cash and rising wealth levels among emerging market investors, the liquidity theory of investment has never been more important. International spill-overs of these rapacious cross-border flows sets off capital wars and exposes the unattractive face of liquidity called ‘risk.’ As the world grows bigger, it becomes ever more volatile. From the early 1960s onwards, the world economy and its financial markets have suffered from three broad types of shocks – labour costs, oil and commodities, and global liquidity. Financial markets spin on fragile axes and the absence of liquidity often provides a warning of upcoming troubles. Global Liquidity is a much-discussed, but narrowly-researched and vaguely-defined topic. This book deeply explores the subject by clearly defining and measuring liquidity worldwide and by showing its importance for investors. The roles of central banks, shadow banking, the rise of Repo and growth of wholesale money are discussed. Additionally, covering the latest developments in China’s increasingly dominant financial economy, this book will appeal to practitioners, policy-makers, economists and academics, as well as those with a general interest in how financial markets work.

Der Markt für Venture Capital (VC) hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren stark entwickelt. Neben finanzorientierten Venture Capital-Gesellschaften (VCG) agieren auf diesem Markt Corporate Venture Capital-Gesellschaften (CVCG), die ihrerseits neben finanzorientierten oftmals auch strategische Zielstellungen verfolgen. Jochen Neubecker untersucht, wie CVCG bzw. VCG junge, innovative Unternehmen über die reine Beteiligungskapitalfinanzierung hinaus unterstützen und welcher Zusammenhang zwischen Unterstützung und Unternehmenserfolg aus Sicht der finanzierten Unternehmen besteht. Er analysiert die Ziele von Beteiligungskapitalgebern und -nehmern, zeigt die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von VC- und CVC-Finanzierungen auf und legt dar, welche spezifischen Leistungen des jeweiligen Finanzierungspartners den Unternehmenserfolg der finanzierten Unternehmen in besonderem Maße fördern. Eine besondere Rolle hierbei spielt der Zugang zu Branchenexpertise sowie Absatz- und Beschaffungsmärkten.

Small businesses in virtually all industrialized countries find it increasingly difficult to obtain finance from institutional sources. Banks have become more risk-averse; venture capital funds, previously of only marginal significance, are now often concentrating their investments on established companies; and management buyouts and buyins and pressures to reduce government spending have resulted in a reduction in public policy initiatives. In this context there is a growing interest in the role of the informal venture capital market as an alternative source of risk finance for small business. Informal Venture Capital: Investors, Investments and Policy Issues in Finland investigates the phenomenon of `business angels' - wealthy private individuals who invest in small businesses - who are increasingly recognized throughout the developed world as representing the most important source of venture capital for entrepreneurial businesses in their start-up and early growth stages. This volume answers key questions about these investors, and contributes significant new evidence on aspects of the informal venture capital market which have not been examined in previous studies. It further provides an authoritative assessment of the effectiveness of policy initiatives to stimulate the supply of informal venture capital, based on the experiences in Finland.

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